Programming Blackberry

Blackberry Design Guidelines - Tips on Designing the User Interface

I commonly hear from designers that engineers don't have the right-brain skills for interface design. They say that the essence of good design is functional simplicity and since engineers think end users are only interested in cool features (because that's what the engineers themselves are interested in) the result of an engineer designing an interface will be a bloated, feature-laden mess. One of the most common examples they will bring up is the dreaded Sony remote control, take a look at the sample picture of a remote from one of Sony's A/V receivers.

When you look at the remote on the left can you blame the designers for the stereotype? Yes, I'm pretty sure this remote was designed by engineers, here's why:

There are 65 buttons total on a remote that measures no more than 3"x10"

20 tiny buttons in a grid at the top of the remote, each with multiple functions spelled out in tiny type. How can the user distinguish the functions easily?

Most of the buttons are the same dimension making it difficult to find the correct one in a dimly lit room

The four buttons at the bottom appear to perform four functions each for a total of 16 functions. Feature overload!

If you're wondering what the smaller control on the right is for, get this: it's a remote that also comes with the Sony A/V receiver that's meant to simplify the primary remote. It's almost like Sony realized too late that the primary remote was terrible and the best solution was to throw in another remote. Don't get me wrong: I love Sony products but I've always felt that the software and hardware interface of their devices is their biggest flaw.

Software Engineers can do Better

I know the idea is somewhat cliched by now but pick any one of Apple's products, iPhone, iPod, OS X, etc., examine the user interface and you'll see what I mean: complex functionality disguised behind a simple and easy to use interface. I mean I know it's not software but even their Magic Mouse is a wonder of human interface principles.

By all accounts the iPod saved Apple but how did that happen considering Creative and other companies dominated the marketplace for MP3 players when the iPod was released? Originally the iPod only worked on Macs but when Apple released iTunes software for Windows, sales skyrocketed and the rest is history. Creative's players were rated higher, had greater capacity, and longer battery life but iPods eventually outsold them by a large factor.

If we ignore Steve Job's "reality distortion field", I'd wager that one major reason was the user interface of the iPod (including the mechanics of the wheel) combined with simplified software for the desktop (iTunes). Creative and other companies designed their interfaces with so many features they forgot to focus on the most important one: how does the end user navigate 1000's of songs quickly and efficiently. Apple's engineers understood that the screen is tiny and overloading it with too much extraneous "stuff" will overwhelm the user. Users are on the go when they break out their player therefore menus shouldn't be too complex or deep for quick access.

If you can't stand the Apple example (I know Apple can be polarizing) then take a look at the Flip series of handheld video cameras. This startup company had the idea of making an inexpensive and tiny camcorder that was plain easy to use for people wanting to upload to YouTube and they succeeded - recently Cisco bought the company for $590 million dollars and Sony, Canon, and other manufacturers are rushing to catch up. Why is the Flip so popular? Again, I think it's mainly due to the simple interface on the camera and the easy desktop software that came with it. Take a look at the Flip hardware interface versus a typical Canon from a couple years ago:

I think you're getting the idea that I feel simple user interfaces can be really important to successful software and it applies to Blackberry app design as well. As final affirmation, take a look at how focusing on design has served Apple's stock price over the last 10 years:

Develop like an Engineer, Think Like a User

Short of spending time taking a class on Human-Computer Interaction Principles or reading long (boring?) textbooks (some of my favorites are linked at the bottom of this article), there are a few simple suggestions I have for you to keep in the back of your mind while you're programming the interface to your Blackberry app. I'll use images from Blackberry programs found on the App store to illustrate my points because I think it helps to have examples. I've gone to lengths to disguise the name of the apps in the hopes of not offending anyone who developed them - apologies in advance if you recognize your app on here.

As preface to the discussion, in my opinion, it's easier to design an interface with lots of features - after all, you don't have to think as much, just throw everything in. Simple interfaces require a great deal of contemplation before coding since you're making tough decisions about what to get rid of and that isn't always easy. Think of simple interface design as forging a sword - it requires a lot of labor to grind out all the imperfections, to fold the steel repeatedly, and most importantly, making it razor-sharp. In the end, when the swordsman has to pull out his weapon, he needs to have the confidence that it will serve it's sole purpose to perfection (yeah, kill people) and that it's not going to get in his way (no unnecessary features).

Without further ado, my list of user interface design recommendations:

#1 - Don't put too many options in menus

Blackberry menus can be customized on a per-screen basis thus it doesn't make sense to have the main menu options as part of each screen. Make contextual menus do a limited number of things otherwise the menu will be overwhelming. Here's example of menus done wrong on the Blackberry:

The designer chose to put every option under the sun in the menu including choices that extend "below the fold" e.g., where the user has to scroll to see them. Additionally, they chose to include five different search types and the menu takes up the entire screen because the verbiage is too long. One suggestion for improvement of this menu is to have one option for "Search" that opens a search screen with the different options laid out as checkboxes or some other method.

#2 - Pay Careful Attention to Fonts and Readability

There's an impulse to differentiate your app from others by using uncommon fonts in your app (think Comic Sans). Don't do it! (unless you're working on a game and it fits the theme) Remember, you want your user to be able to easily read the content of your app and most of the time a common font is the best choice. Another consideration is to ensure that fonts within graphics are readable. For example:

The main font for the content of the contact is fine but it's bold and is definitely larger than the menu options at the top. It's distracting and the app would be served well to reduce the font size. Additionally, take a look at the Contacts button that's pressed at the top left. The gradient used there is cutting off the top of the words making it hard to read. I'd suggest changing the font color to a darker shade when the button is active.

#3 - Space is Your Friend

Sometimes you have to just let the content of your app "breathe". In other words, since the screen real estate is so tiny on most Blackberry devices you might have the tendency to try and fill up the space with a ton of data - don't. Sometimes a graphic, although more difficult to add/program, can do the trick. Remember your user is going to be quickly glancing at the screen while on the go and, as they say, a picture is worth 1000 words. For example, compare these two stock quote apps:

Yes, they both give similar information yet in the first example the user can glance at the image of the current stock price and immediately know the day's trend and if they should be worried. Also, going back to my point on fonts, in the first app the font size chosen for the latest quote is larger than the rest of the fonts giving it higher priority. Your eyes are drawn to the image and that quote while you'd have to search the list on the second one to distinguish where the quote resides. Which one would you choose if you were just comparing screenshots?

Also, notice how there's space around each of the elements in the first app. It gives a certain "lightness" to the app - what people these days call a "clean look". The second app has a lot of whitespace (I'd consider wasted real estate) but it just doesn't have a finished look.

#4 - Keep it Clear Part 1- Make Navigation Obvious

Users don't have the patience to spend more than few minutes figuring out how to work your app. They want to quickly navigate your app to find the features they want and you'll want to make it easy for them. Large icons, simple menus with few options, minimal background noise are all important to the success of your app. If you're finding that you have too many navigation options consider paring back the scope of your app - e.g., removing unnecessary features. Take a look at these:

While I certainly appreciate the fact that this app has to have a bunch of features (it's the front end for a complex web application) I'm just not sure if the choice to place 15 tiny icons at the top of the screen is a wise one. Even after using the app for a long time, the end user will likely always have problems figuring out what icon stands for which function. Yes, it is nifty that when you scroll across it the name of the function appears next to the icon but think of all the time the user will waste scrolling back and forth until they find the function they were looking for. I'd wager that 5-10 of those options could be placed in a menu or some other method used to place only the most commonly used features on the main nav.

#5 - Keep it Clear Part 2 - Eliminate Extraneous Info

Yes, keeping it clear is important. You never want to have extraneous information on screen for the user because they might be looking at your app while driving, in a meeting where they can only quickly check it, etc. For this reason you want to keep it as simple and clear as possible and to do so you'll want to ensure all the features of your app are entirely necessary. Ensure you prevent something that Apple calls "Feature Cascade" - "If you are developing a simple application, it can be very tempting to add features that aren’t wholly relevant to the original intent of the program. This feature cascade can lead to a bloated interface that is slow and difficult to use because of its complexity. Try to stick to the original intent of your program and include only features that are relevant to the main workflow." (Human Interface Guidelines)

While the images below aren't examples of feature cascade, they demonstrate that eliminating extraneous information can improve an app:

I modified the image on the right to cut out the unnecessary, self-congratulatory, images at the bottom. Before, the focus on the screen was on the colorful icons but after the modification you're not distracted. Don't you think it looks and feels much better?

#6 - Don't Forget Usability Testing

When you're spending all your time focused on developing your app you quickly lose your objectivity around its functionality. You know your app inside and out and you'll begin to assume the end user will as well. This is when usability testing comes into play. It's quite simple - just load your app on a phone and pass it around to your friends, your family, anyone who hasn't seen it before and ask them to perform certain tasks. Watch them carefully to see what they are doing when they try and tackle the tasks you throw at them - watch the phone but also observe the user's face to see if there is any frustration or quizzical looks. Ask them why they're having trouble if they look frustrated and take notes.

When you've gotten 4-5 people to test the app, take careful consideration of the feedback they've given. You can safely ignore most comments about color since it's a subjective topic. Instead, focus on areas where navigation was a problem or where finding a certain function took too long. Use the principle of Occam's Razor to simplify the app if these kind of problems arise. In other words, don't add features thinking it will simplify things - try removing them instead. Trust me, it will be a whole lot easier!

To be Continued...

Design is an enormous topic so I'll continue discussing this in future posts. The main takeaway here is that end users have a limited amount of patience and goodwill towards your application. If they can't figure it out in the first five minutes or it's not pleasing to the eye then they won't be recommending it to their friends and you'll probably get bad reviews in the app store. As a secondary takeaway, here are the key bullet points from the Blackberry UI Guidelines:

Use or extend existing UI components where possible so that your application can inherit the default behavior of the component.

Follow the standard navigation model as closely as possible so that a particular user action produces a consistent result across applications. For example, allow users to open the context menu in all applications by clicking the trackball or trackpad.

Support and extend user tasks in useful ways. For example, when users download an application, the application should open automatically. The application should also be saved in the Applications folder.

When you design your application, also consider the following guidelines:

Stay focused on users' immediate task. Display only the information that users need at any one moment.

Verify that the actions that are available in the menu are relevant to users' current context.

Minimize the number of times that users need to click the trackwheel, trackball, trackpad, or touch screen to complete a task.

Design your UI to allow users to change their mind and undo commands. Users sometimes click the wrong menu item or button accidentally. For example, use an alert dialog box to notify users of a critical action such as deleting data from their BlackBerry devices.

Display information in a way that makes effective use of the small screen.

Blackberry Threads- Dynamically Update UI Components using the Observer Design Pattern

Using threads for basic tasks on the Blackberry is not necessarily as difficult as it may first appear. You can leverage RIM's net.rim.device.api.system.Application class to synchronize with the EventLock and perform whatever tasks your threading model requires. Of course when programming games or intricate UI component interaction using threads can be complex and downright challenging. Thankfully, for most apps you're likely to do simple threading tasks that don't require such interaction. In order to modify UI components you must perform all the work within the UI thread and there are two general rules that you'll have to follow:
1) Modify UI components using the invokeLater() method, 2)Never call an HTTP request within the UI thread.

The invokeLater() method is used when changes are made to the UI outside of the main UI thread. It places your runnable object into your application's main event queue and is processed after all events pending in the main queue are complete. In other words, it's similar to regular Java threads where you use the join() method so your code waits for other threads to complete before grabbing the eventlock. Making HTTP requests within the UI thread will most assuredly make your application slow down and could make it crash. Instead of using invokeLater() or other methods to grab the UI thread you'll want to do something like the following:


new Thread(){

  public void run(){

    HttpConnection http_con = (HttpConnection)Connector.open("http://berrytutorials.blogspot.com");

  }

}.start();

Here we're creating a new thread that opens the HTTP connection but it will run as a background process and not tie up system resources on the main UI thread. For more details on opening HTTP check out the HTTPDemo included in the RIM samples that are part of your component pack download for Eclipse.

Background

For the example we'll be using the code from a previous tutorial on Listfields and will modify it to make updates to the list from a thread. Take a few minutes to read through that code, copy it and place it into a new Blackberry project in Eclipse - otherwise you can get the sample code in it's entirety here.

Thread.sleep() will be used to simulate your code performing data processing or making an HTTP connection that will occur in the background of the app. Once that's complete the listfield will be updated with a simple string that will include the thread name and an element number that is incremented for each update so you can see the thread working. It wouldn't take much modification to modify the code below and, for example, make a connection to Twitter via their API to grab updates to the people you follow, then update the list with that content.

You might ask, "How does the ListField know when to update itself?" - what I'm doing in the code is leveraging the Observer design pattern to attach the ListField as a "observer" to the Thread we create. It will "listen" to the Thread until it's notified of an update and then will add the new message to the list and redraw itself. Here's an image that will serve to give you an overview of what the Observer pattern is doing, courtesy of javaworld.com:

For the sample code, the Subject shown in the image above will be the Thread we create and the Observer is the ListField itself - once the Thread has slept (simulating the HTTP connection or data processing task) it will notify the Listfield of the change. To do this appropriately we'll create an interface for the ListField to implement containing the update() method and will create the addObserver(), removeObserver() and notifyObservers() methods in the Thread class. The reason we use the interface here is that many different Classes might need to observe the Thread's progress and could be attached as Observers. The Thread loops through the attached Observers and informs them of the changes via the the update() method. The end result will be a ListField that auto updates elements every 10 seconds as in the screenshot below:

In this sample we don't necessarily have to use the interface since we're only attaching one Observer but it's good practice to see how it works. If you're not familiar with the Observer pattern take a few minutes and read through the following links: Background on Design Patterns GangofFour - Observer Pattern, PDF on Observer Pattern

Subject Code - Create the Thread

First we need to add a private class that is used to implement the Thread itself. Following the Observer pattern we'll add the methods 'addObserver(MyListField mlf)' and 'removeObserver(MyListField mlf)' that permit the thread to add/remove Observers to itself and a 'notifyObservers()' function that will inform observers that are attached to the Thread that a change has occurred. Here's the code:


//Runnable class 

 private class CheckForUpdates implements Runnable{

	  

	 private String updatedMessage;

	 private Vector observers;

	 

	 public CheckForUpdates(){

		 observers = new Vector();

	 }

	 

	 //Attach the observer to the class

	 public void addObserver(MyListField mlf){

		 observers.addElement(mlf);

	 }

	 

	 //Not used for this example - remove an observer

	 public void removeObserver(MyListField mlf){

		 observers.removeElement(mlf);

	 }

	 

	 //Go through vector of observers and call update on them

	 //Sending the updatedMessage String.

	 public void notifyObservers(){

		 for(int i=0;i			 ((MyListField)observers.elementAt(i)).update(updatedMessage);

		 }

	 }

	 

	 //Overridden runnable method.  Simulates checking external resource(such as HTTP call to remote server)

	 //using the sleep() method then changes the message and notifies the attached observers.

	  public void run(){

		  int counter = 0;

		  try{

		  	while(true){

		  		//Simulate an HTTP connection OR data processing

		  		Thread.sleep(10000);

		  		counter++;

		  		updatedMessage = Thread.currentThread().getName() + "- Element " + Integer.toString(counter);

		  		notifyObservers();

		  	}

		  }

		  

		  //Simply return if interrupted.

		  catch (InterruptedException e){

			  return;

		  }

	  }

	  

	 

 }

Note that we're creating a private Vector to hold the observers that are attached to the instance of the thread although there will be only one observer for the example. Additionally, if you take a look at the run() method, you'll see that we loop indefinitely, calling Thread.sleep(10000) and when the Thread wakes it increments the counter, updates the message to pass to the observers, and calls the 'notifyObservers()' method. If this were production you'd want to add some code that can stop the Thread based on a keystroke, menu option, or some other method, otherwise it will eventually consume all the resources available.

Observer Code - Create the Interface and Update Method

The next step is to create the Observer interface and the update() method, in this case contained in the MyListField class. Here's the code:


public interface ObserverInterface{

	 

	 public void update(String message);

 }



....

private class MyListField extends ListField implements ObserverInterface{

.....

.....

.....

 //Update function takes in a message to add to the list, 

	   //inserts it into the list, and calls invalidate to repaint the list

	    public void update(final String message){

	    	final int i = this.getSize();

	    	final ListCallback mlc = (ListCallback)this.getCallback();

	    	final MyListField mlf = this;

	    	UiApplication.getUiApplication().invokeLater(new Runnable(){

	    		  public void run(){

	    			  mlf.insert(i);

	    	          mlc.insert(message,i);

	    	         

	    		  }

	    		});

	    	  

	          

	    }

The update() method grabs the UiApplication event lock by calling 'invokeLater()' with a new Runnable() where we insert the String into the List. Thus, the main UI thread will complete whatever functions it's performing and pass the lock to our thread which updates the List and redraws it to the screen.

Constructor code

Finally, add the following to the constructor of the ListFieldTest class:


//Declare the Runnable Thread

	        CheckForUpdates cfu = new CheckForUpdates();

	        

	        //Attach the Observer - in this case myList is the observer

	        cfu.addObserver(myList);

	        

	        //Declare a new thread with our Runnable as input and start thread

	        Thread t = new Thread(cfu);

	        t.start();

That's all there is to it. We create an instance of our Thread, attach the List as an Observer so the thread can call the List's update() function when there's a change, and simply start the thread. Side Note: Java has Observer/Observable as part of the language specification however RIM does not and as a result you can't leverage the code that's already out there. Nonetheless, implementing the pattern wasn't too difficult, at least for this simple example, and understanding how design patterns work will really make life easier.

User Defined Buttons - Create a Custom Button From an Image

While it's tempting to use the standard built-in ButtonField class to create user-selectable buttons for your application so you can rapidly release it to the public, I'd recommend delving into creating your own. Going through the process will give you a good understanding of how listeners work and how to detect and react to user input within the Blackberry environment. I'll provide a simple example of just how to do that with a comparison between using our custom button versus the ButtonField class. The end result of our efforts will be a screen with a custom search button and a standard ButtonField button, as shown below:

Note that all the code in each sections below is intended to be combined into one file within the project space.

Create the Custom Button png Using Inkscape

As I've stated in other posts, I recommend using Inkscape for creating the custom vector graphics you'll use on your applications as it's free and is really a great substitute for Illustrator. For this example I crafted two custom search buttons in just a few minutes using the standard "magnifying glass" as inspiration to distinguish it's use for search. One of the images has grey highlights and the other has a glow effect which our app will switch to when the user rolls over it.

Make sure that you keep the end user in mind when you're designing the buttons since you want to make sure they are immediately recognizable for the respective action they are supposed to perform - you don't want to confuse the user because they'll turn off your app before spending 10 minutes trying to figure out how it's supposed to work. I'm not going to post the images I created as separate files to download - instead take some time to learn Inkscape and come up with a few on your own. The time you invest will pay off later (if you insist on being lazy you could cut it out of the image above and convert to .png).

Create the Main Class and First Part of Constructor

Again, this is a simplified example and as a result we are doing most of the work within the constructor of the custom Button class. We are creating MyCustomButton as a private class of the overall MyButton class and if you want to jump ahead to see that code it's at the bottom of the post. In this first part the constructor creates a HorizontalFieldManager that will have a gradient background painted on and will act as the container to layout the buttons. Note that I've tried to document the code with lots of descriptive comments to help understand what's going on.



import net.rim.device.api.system.Bitmap;
import net.rim.device.api.system.Display;
import net.rim.device.api.ui.*;
import net.rim.device.api.ui.component.*;
import net.rim.device.api.ui.container.*;

public class MyButton extends UiApplication {
 
 public static void main(String[] args){
  
  //main entry point 
  MyButton theApp = new MyButton();
  theApp.enterEventDispatcher();
 
 }


  public MyButton(){
                //Declare the Custom button and send it the path to the icon images 
   MyCustomButton mcb = new MyCustomButton("search_button_on.png", "search_button_off.png");

                //Declare the normal ButtonField with name
   ButtonField bf = new ButtonField("Search");
   
   //Get the device width and height
   final int width = Display.getWidth();
   final int height = Display.getHeight();
        
   //Create the mainScreen - this holds the _hfm manager
   MainScreen mainScreen;
   mainScreen = new MainScreen();
                
  
                HorizontalFieldManager _hfm;
                
   //Draw background gradient on this manager
   _hfm = new HorizontalFieldManager() {
  
    public void paint(Graphics g)
    {
    
   
     //Variables for drawing the gradient
     int[] X_PTS_MAIN = { 0, width, width, 0}; 
     int[] Y_PTS_MAIN = { 0, 0, height, height }; 
     int[] drawColors_MAIN = { Color.BLACK, Color.BLACK, Color.DARKBLUE, Color.DARKBLUE};

    
     try {
      //Draw the gradients   
      g.drawShadedFilledPath(X_PTS_MAIN, Y_PTS_MAIN, null, drawColors_MAIN, null);
        
     } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {
      System.out.println("Bad arguments."); 
     }
    
     //Call super to paint the graphics on the inherited window 
     super.paint(g);
    
     
   }
  
    //Sublayout is passed the width and height of the parent window and will tell the window manager
    //how to layout the buttons, images, etc.
    protected void sublayout(int w, int h) {  
     
     //GetFieldCount returns the number of fields attached to the instance of this manager.
     //and lays out the position
     if (getFieldCount() >0) {                 
                       
       //Get the custom button we've created and add it at coordinate (100,160)
                  Field customButton = getField(0);
                  layoutChild(customButton, w, h);
                  setPositionChild(customButton,100,160);
                  
                  //Get the standard Blackberry Button we've created and add to coordinate(220,160)
                  Field standardButton = getField(1);
                  layoutChild(standardButton, w, h);
                  setPositionChild(standardButton,220,160);
                  
               
     }
             
             
            
     setExtent(width,height);
            
    }
  
  
   };
...

Declare the Buttons and FieldChangeListeners

Finish off the constructor portion by declaring two custom FieldChangeListeners, setting the Listeners to the Buttons, adding the buttons to the HorizontalFieldManager, and adding the HFM to the main Screen. The FieldChangeListener will perform the action defined in the fieldChanged() method. when the user clicks the button.

Here we are triggering a Dialog alert so when the user clicks either of the buttons they'll get this:

In real code you'll do something more realistic such as push a new screen to the stack that performs whatever functionality you intend for the buttons.


 FieldChangeListener customListener = new FieldChangeListener() { 
     public void fieldChanged(Field field, int context) { 

      Dialog.alert("Success!!! You clicked the Custom Button!!!");
    
  
     } 
  }; 

  FieldChangeListener standardListener = new FieldChangeListener() { 
     public void fieldChanged(Field field, int context) { 

      Dialog.alert("Success!!! You clicked the Standard Button!!!");
    
  
     } 
  }; 
  mcb.setChangeListener(customListener);
  bf.setChangeListener(standardListener);
  
  //Add our custom button to the HorizontalFieldManager
  _hfm.add(mcb);
  _hfm.add(bf);
     //Push the HorizontalFieldManager to the stack 
     mainScreen.add(_hfm);
     pushScreen(mainScreen);
  
  
  }//End Ctor

Create the Custom Button Class

The meat of the code lies within the MyCustomButton class that extends the abstract Field class and implements the DrawStyle interface. We're taking two strings in the constructor that are the paths to the image files and using the Bitmap class method "getBitmapResource()" to import the images and set them to our private onPicture and offPicture variables.

The getPreferredHeight() and getPreferredWidth() methods return 80 since the images I've created for the custom button are 80x80px but you'll want to set these to the size of your button image. The most critical methods of the code and what they do are as follows:

onFocus() and onUnfocus(): these functions set the _currentPicture variable to the correct image when the user rolls over the button using the paint() method. The image is redrawn after the change by calling the invalidate() method

paint(): draws whatever image the _currentPicture variable is set to onthe screen.

fieldChangeNotify() and navigationCLick(): alerts this registered button's listener we've attached that the user has clicked the button. The listener code is subsequently triggered - the Dialog alert is shown to the user.

Refer to the attached custom Button code:


//Custom private class that creates the button and switches the image depending
  //on the return value of onFocus()
  private class MyCustomButton extends Field implements DrawStyle{
  
  private Bitmap _currentPicture;
     private Bitmap _onPicture; //image for "in focus"
     private Bitmap _offPicture; //image for "not in focus"
     private int width;
     private int height;
     
     //Ctor: pass path to on/off images you're using.
     MyCustomButton (String onImage, String offImage){
      super();
      _offPicture = Bitmap.getBitmapResource(offImage);
      _onPicture = Bitmap.getBitmapResource(onImage);
      _currentPicture = _offPicture;
          
     }
     
     public int getPreferredHeight(){     
      return 80;
     }
     
     public int getPreferredWidth(){
      return 80;
     }
     
 
     public boolean isFocusable(){
      return true;
     }
     
     //Override function to switch picture
     protected void onFocus(int direction){
      _currentPicture = _onPicture;
      invalidate();
     }
     //Override function to switch picture
     protected void onUnfocus(){
      _currentPicture = _offPicture;
      invalidate();
     }
     
  protected void layout(int width, int height) {
    setExtent(Math.min( width, getPreferredWidth()), Math.min( height, getPreferredHeight()));
  }
  
  //update the fieldchange
  protected void fieldChangeNotify(int context) {
      try {
       this.getChangeListener().fieldChanged(this, context);
      } catch (Exception exception) {
      }
  }
  
  //Since button is rounded we need to fill corners with dark color to match
  protected void paint(Graphics graphics) { 
   graphics.setColor(Color.BLACK); 
         graphics.fillRect(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight());
         graphics.drawBitmap(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight(), _currentPicture, 0, 0);
  }

  //Listen for navigation Click
  protected boolean navigationClick(int status, int time){
   fieldChangeNotify(1);
   return true;
  }

 }


 }

I think you'll agree that the custom button looks much slicker than using the stock Blackberry buttons - if done right it will give your app a great degree of elegance.

Create a Custom Listfield - Change Highlight Color when Scrolling

When you're programming for Blackberry you will likely find yourself in need of displaying a list of items that are selectable to the end user. The ListField class in the Blackberry API is extremely versatile and should be your first choice when considering how to display a list of options.

Key to coding the ListField is to register a ListFieldCallback - a class that implements the ListFieldCallback interface and can be thought of as a data structure that holds the contents of the List and permits you to modify, update, delete, and read these contents. In other words, the ListField handles the painting of the list and the Callback handles the storage of the list contents.

For this article I'll show you how to get a ListField up and running on the Blackberry and how to customize the highlighting of each row when the user scrolls across the list. For demonstration purposes we'll create the ListField as a private class within the main class that extends UiApplication and simply add our field managers that will hold the ListField to the MainScreen. Note that the code samples do not include the required code for capturing the user selection and performing an action on it - I may write another tutorial around that if people request it however that's pretty straightforward. In the end, our main goal is to have a list that looks like the one below, where the user selection is highlighted in a different color as they scroll across the list:

Write the Constructor

Please note that all the code below is continuous and should be contained in one file. I'll put a link to download the entire code in one file if the demand is there. However, I think it's a good learning experience to see each piece, understand how it works and put it together at the end into a cohesive working program. First, we'll import the necessary classes and create the main function for our example. I'm going to do all the heavy lifting in the constructor of the class - please note that the VerticalFieldManager and the HorizontalFieldManager in the next sections are also part of the constructor. Also, we're declaring instances of the ListField and ListFieldCallback early in the constructor and will flesh out those classes a bit later. Here's the first part of the code:



import net.rim.device.api.system.Bitmap;
import net.rim.device.api.system.Display;
import net.rim.device.api.ui.*;
import net.rim.device.api.ui.component.*;
import net.rim.device.api.ui.container.*;

import java.util.Vector;

public class ListFieldTest extends UiApplication {
 
 public static void main(String[] args){
  
  //main entry point 
  ListFieldTest theApp = new ListFieldTest();
  theApp.enterEventDispatcher();
 
 }


 public ListFieldTest(){

   HorizontalFieldManager _hfm;
                
   //The _vfm will hold the ListField and we'll add it to the _hfm
   VerticalFieldManager _vfm;

  //Create the vars for ListField creation
  ListField myList;
  ListCallback myCallback;

  //Get the device width and height
  final int width = Display.getWidth();
  final int height = Display.getHeight();
        
  //Create the mainScreen - this holds the _hfm and _vfm managers
  MainScreen mainScreen;
  mainScreen = new MainScreen();
                
  //Private class that we will create in a minute
  myCallback = new ListCallback();
  myCallback.erase();

  myList = new MyListField();
  myList.setCallback(myCallback);
                
  //Populate the list with sample elements
  for(int i=0;i<20;i++){
        myList.insert(i);
        myCallback.insert("Element #" + Integer.toString(i), i);
        
  }

Create the HorizontalFieldManager

Now we need to create the HorizontalFieldManager that will hold the ListField and VerticalFieldManager. The HFM will act as the "parent" container and will hold the VFM child and we will also use it to draw the gradient. Refer to the code below for the HorizontalFieldManager:


//Draw background gradient on this manager and add VerticalFieldManager for scrolling.
   _hfm = new HorizontalFieldManager() {
   
    public void paint(Graphics g)
    {
     
    
     //Variables for drawing the gradient
     int[] X_PTS_MAIN = { 0, width, width, 0}; 
     int[] Y_PTS_MAIN = { 0, 0, height, height }; 
     int[] drawColors_MAIN = { Color.BLACK, Color.BLACK, Color.DARKBLUE, Color.DARKBLUE};
 
     
     try {
      //Draw the gradients   
         g.drawShadedFilledPath(X_PTS_MAIN, Y_PTS_MAIN, null, drawColors_MAIN, null);
         
     } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {
         System.out.println("Bad arguments."); 
     }
     
     
     
     //Call super to paint the graphics on the inherited window 
     super.paint(g);
     
      
      }
   
   //Sublayout is passed the width and height of the parent window and will tell the window manager
   //how to layout the buttons, images, etc.
   protected void sublayout(int w, int h) {  
    
    //GetFieldCount returns the number of fields attached to the instance of this manager.
    //and lays out the position
              if (getFieldCount() >0) {                 
                            
                   Field searchRes = getField(0);
                   layoutChild(searchRes, width, height);
                   setPositionChild(searchRes,0,0);
                
              }
              
              
             
              setExtent(width,height);
             
          }
   
   
  };

Create the VerticalFieldManager

In the VerticalFieldManager declaration we will pass in the VERTICAL_SCROLL option so the lists scroll properly within the container once we add the ListField. Additionally, make sure to override the navigationMovement() function calling this.invalidate() otherwise when you scroll the ListField won't redraw as the user scrolls over the options. Try it without the invalidate() call to see what happens. Here's the final code for the VFM in the constructor:


   _vfm = new VerticalFieldManager(Manager.VERTICAL_SCROLL|Manager.USE_ALL_HEIGHT|Manager.USE_ALL_WIDTH) {
    
    public void paint(Graphics g)
       {
            g.setColor(Color.GRAY);  
           super.paint(g);
     
       }
    
    protected boolean navigationMovement(int dx, int dy, int status, int time){
           this.invalidate();
           return super.navigationMovement(dx,dy,status,time);
          }
          
    
   };
        //Add the list to the verticalFieldManager
         _vfm.add(myList);
         
        //Add the verticalFieldManager to the HorizontalFieldManager
        _hfm.add(_vfm);
       //Finally, add the HorizontalFieldManager to the MainScreen and push it to the stack 
        mainScreen.add(_hfm);
        pushScreen(mainScreen);
 
 
 }//End Ctor

Create the ListField Class

Now we'll create a private ListField class and we'll override the paint() method to draw the highlight color on the selected row. The tricky part is forcing the redraw of the highlight color - you must first determine the selected row by calling getSelectedIndex() then mathematically calculate the size of the row to paint the highlight color. Here's the code (the comments are pretty detailed explaining what is going on there):


private class MyListField extends ListField{
  
  
  //0,ListField.MULTI_SELECT
    private boolean hasFocus = false;
    
    public  void onFocus(int direction){
      hasFocus = true;  
    }
    
     public void onUnfocus() 
        {
               hasFocus = false;
               super.onUnfocus();
               invalidate();
        }
     
    public void paint(Graphics graphics) 
          {   int width = Display.getWidth();
              //Get the current clipping region 
              XYRect redrawRect = graphics.getClippingRect();
              if(redrawRect.y < 0)
              {
                  throw new IllegalStateException("Error with clipping rect.");
              }

              //Determine the start location of the clipping region and end.
              int rowHeight = getRowHeight();

              int curSelected;
              
              //If the ListeField has focus determine the selected row.
              if (hasFocus) 
              {
                   curSelected = getSelectedIndex();
                   
              } 
              else 
              {
                  curSelected = -1;
              }
              
              int startLine = redrawRect.y / rowHeight;
              int endLine = (redrawRect.y + redrawRect.height - 1) / rowHeight;
              endLine = Math.min(endLine, getSize() - 1);
              int y = startLine * rowHeight;

              //Setup the data used for drawing.
              int[] yInds = new int[]{y, y, y + rowHeight, y + rowHeight};
              int[] xInds = new int[]{0, width, width, 0};

              //Set the callback - assuming String values.
              ListFieldCallback callBack = this.getCallback();

              //Draw each row
              for(; startLine <= endLine; ++startLine) 
              {               
             //If the line we're drawing is the currentlySelected line then draw the fill path in LIGHTYELLOW and the 
               //font text in Black.  
             if(startLine == curSelected){
              
                     graphics.setColor(Color.LIGHTYELLOW);
                     graphics.drawFilledPath(xInds, yInds, null, null);
                     graphics.setColor(Color.BLACK);
                     graphics.drawText((String)callBack.get(this, startLine), 0, yInds[0]);
                   
             }
             else{
                     //Draw the odd or selected rows.
                    graphics.setColor(Color.LIGHTGREY);
                    graphics.drawText((String)callBack.get(this, startLine), 0, yInds[0]);
             }
             
              //Assign new values to the y axis moving one row down.
                y += rowHeight;
                yInds[0] = y;
                yInds[1] = yInds[0];
                yInds[2] = y + rowHeight;
                yInds[3] = yInds[2];
              }
              
              //super.paint(graphics);
          }
 }

Create the ListfieldCallback Class

The final step is to create the private ListFieldCallback class that's attached to our ListField. Since we're not embedding images or doing other fancy things, only writing Strings to the Callback, the code is relatively straightforward, as shown below:


//Private class to populate the ListField private variable
 private class ListCallback implements ListFieldCallback{

  
  private Vector listElements = new Vector();
        
     public void drawListRow(ListField list, Graphics g, 
                         int index, int y, int w) {  

        String text = (String)listElements.elementAt(index);
        g.setColor(Color.LIGHTGREY);
        g.drawText(text, 0, y, 0, w);  
     }
        
     public Object get(ListField list, int index) {  
        return listElements.elementAt(index); 
     }     

     public int indexOfList(ListField list, String p, int s) {  
        //return listElements.getSelectedIndex();
        return listElements.indexOf(p, s);  
     }
        
        
     public void insert(String toInsert, int index) {  
        listElements.insertElementAt(toInsert, index);  
     }
     
     public void add(String toInsert){
      listElements.addElement(toInsert);
     }
        
     public void erase() {  
        listElements.removeAllElements();  
     }

  public int getPreferredWidth(ListField listField) {
   // TODO Auto-generated method stub
   return 0;
  }

  
  
  }
 }

The final result will be a scrollable list that highlights the user selected option in a Light Yellow color, as shown in the screenshot at the top of this post. Once you understand how this works you can see how modifications to the overridden paint() method in ListField could permit you to have highly modifiable rows in the list - for example, in a Flikr client app you might have a scrollable list of your friends with a thumbnail on each row showing a sample picture from that friend's account. When the user scrolls to a new friend in the list (startLine == curSelected), you might initiate a function that updates the thumbnail with a changing feed of images from that user's account. The possibilities are almost infinite when customizing ListFields. I'll be on the lookout for questions in the comments section.